Getting Started:
Object Modeling with Go
Code Download
You can download the code for this chapter at Github.
To get started, let’s create the models that we’ll be using:
package models
type Model interface {
GetId() string
SetId(id string)
}
type modelImpl struct {
id string
}
func (m *modelImpl) SetId(id string) {
m.id = id
}
Our user model:
package models
type User struct {
modelImpl
UserName string
FullName string
Email string
}
func NewUser(userName, fullName, email string) *User {
u := &User{
UserName: userName,
FullName: fullName,
Email: email,
}
u.SetId(userName)
return u
}
func (u *User) GetId() string {
return u.UserName
}
And our message model:
package models
import (
"fmt"
"time"
util "github.com/basho/taste-of-riak/go/util"
)
type Msg struct {
modelImpl
Sender string
Recipient string
Text string
Created time.Time
}
func NewMsg(sender, recipient, text string) *Msg {
m := &Msg{
Sender: sender,
Recipient: recipient,
Text: text,
Created: time.Now(),
}
m.SetId(m.GetId())
return m
}
func (m *Msg) GetId() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("%s_%v", m.Sender, util.Iso8601(m.Created))
}
Our timeline model:
package models
type Timeline struct {
modelImpl
MsgKeys []string
}
type TimelineType byte
const (
TimelineType_INBOX TimelineType = iota
TimelineType_SENT
)
func NewTimeline(id string) *Timeline {
t := &Timeline{}
t.id = id
return t
}
func (t *Timeline) AddMsg(msgKey string) {
t.MsgKeys = append(t.MsgKeys, msgKey)
}
func (t *Timeline) GetId() string {
return t.id
}
````
We'll be using the bucket `Users` to store our data. We won't be [using bucket types](https://www.tiot.jp/riak-docs//riak/kv/3.2.0/developing/usage/bucket-types) here, so we don't need to specify one.
To use these records to store data, we will first have to create a user
record. Then, when a user creates a message, we will append that message
to one or more timelines. If it's a private message, we'll append it to
the Recipient's `Inbox` timeline and to the User's own `Sent` timeline.
If it's a group message, we'll append it to the Group's timeline, as
well as to the User's `Sent` timeline.
#### Buckets and keys revisited
Now that we've worked out how we will differentiate data in the system,
let's figure out our bucket and key names.
The bucket names are straightforward. We can use `Users`, `Msgs`, and
`Timelines`. The key names, however, are a little trickier. In past
examples we've used sequential integers, but this presents a problem: we
would need a secondary service to hand out these IDs. This service could
easily be a future bottleneck in the system, so let's use a natural key.
Natural keys are a great fit for key/value systems because both humans
and computers can easily construct them when needed, and most of the
time they can be made unique enough for a KV store.
Bucket | Key Pattern | Example Key
:------|:------------|:-----------
`Users` | `<user_name>` | `joeuser`
`Msgs` | `<username>_<datetime>` | `joeuser_2014-03-06T02:05:13.223556Z`
`Timelines` | `<username>_<type>_<date>` | `joeuser_Sent_2014-03-06Z`<br /> `marketing_group_Inbox_2014-03-06Z` |
For the `Users` bucket, we can be certain that we will want each
username to be unique, so let's use the `username` as the key. For the
`Msgs` bucket, let's use a combination of the username and the posting
datetime in an [ISO 8601 Long](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601)
format. This combination gives us the pattern `<username>_<datetime>`,
which produces keys like `joeuser_2014-03-05T23:20:28Z`.
Now for `Timelines`, we need to differentiate between `Inbox` and `Sent`
timelines, so we can simply add that type into the key name. We will
also want to partition each collection object into some time period,
that way the object doesn't grow too large (see note below).
For `Timelines`, let's use the pattern `<username>_<type>_<date>` for
users and `<groupname>_Inbox_<date>` for groups, which will look like
`joeuser_Sent_2014-03-06Z` or `marketing_group_Inbox_2014-03-05Z`,
respectively.
Note
Riak performs best with objects under 1-2 MB. Objects larger than that can
hurt performance, especially if many siblings are being created. We will cover
siblings, sibling resolution, and sibling explosions in the next chapter.
#### Keeping our story straight with repositories
Now that we've figured out our object model, let's write some modules to
act as repositories that will help us create and work with these records
in Riak:
```repository.go
package repositories
import (
"encoding/json"
"errors"
riak "github.com/basho/riak-go-client"
models "github.com/basho/taste-of-riak/go/ch03/models"
)
var ErrUnexpectedSiblings = errors.New("Unexpected siblings in response!")
type Repository interface {
Get(key string, notFoundOk bool) (models.Model, error)
Save(models.Model) (models.Model, error)
getBucketName() string
getModel() models.Model
getClient() *riak.Client
}
type repositoryImpl struct {
client *riak.Client
}
func (ri *repositoryImpl) getClient() *riak.Client {
return ri.client
}
func get(r Repository, key string, notFoundOk bool) (models.Model, error) {
client := r.getClient()
bucket := r.getBucketName()
cmd, err := riak.NewFetchValueCommandBuilder().
WithBucket(bucket).
WithKey(key).
WithNotFoundOk(notFoundOk).
Build()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if err = client.Execute(cmd); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
fcmd := cmd.(*riak.FetchValueCommand)
if notFoundOk && len(fcmd.Response.Values) == 0 {
return nil, nil
}
if len(fcmd.Response.Values) > 1 {
// Siblings present that need resolution
// Here we'll just return an unexpected error
return nil, ErrUnexpectedSiblings
} else {
return buildModel(r.getModel(), fcmd.Response.Values[0])
}
}
func save(r Repository, m models.Model) (models.Model, error) {
client := r.getClient()
bucket := r.getBucketName()
key := m.GetId()
cmd, err := riak.NewFetchValueCommandBuilder().
WithBucket(bucket).
WithKey(key).
WithNotFoundOk(true).
Build()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if err = client.Execute(cmd); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
modelJson, err := json.Marshal(m)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
var objToInsertOrUpdate *riak.Object
fcmd := cmd.(*riak.FetchValueCommand)
if len(fcmd.Response.Values) > 1 {
// Siblings present that need resolution
// Here we'll just assume the first sibling is the "correct" one
// with which to update with the new Model data
// A conflict resolver can also be part of the options to fetchValue above
objToInsertOrUpdate = fcmd.Response.Values[0]
objToInsertOrUpdate.Value = modelJson
} else {
objToInsertOrUpdate = &riak.Object{
Bucket: bucket,
Key: key,
ContentType: "application/json",
Charset: "utf8",
Value: modelJson,
}
}
cmd, err = riak.NewStoreValueCommandBuilder().
WithContent(objToInsertOrUpdate).
WithReturnBody(true).
Build()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if err = client.Execute(cmd); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
scmd := cmd.(*riak.StoreValueCommand)
if len(scmd.Response.Values) > 1 {
return nil, ErrUnexpectedSiblings
}
obj := scmd.Response.Values[0]
return buildModel(r.getModel(), obj)
}
func buildModel(m models.Model, obj *riak.Object) (models.Model, error) {
err := json.Unmarshal(obj.Value, m)
m.SetId(obj.Key)
return m, err
}
package repositories
import (
riak "github.com/basho/riak-go-client"
models "github.com/basho/taste-of-riak/go/ch03/models"
)
type UserRepository struct {
repositoryImpl
}
func NewUserRepository(c *riak.Client) *UserRepository {
r := &UserRepository{}
r.client = c
return r
}
func (u *UserRepository) Get(key string, notFoundOk bool) (models.Model, error) {
return get(u, key, notFoundOk)
}
func (u *UserRepository) Save(m models.Model) (models.Model, error) {
return save(u, m)
}
func (u *UserRepository) getBucketName() string {
return "Users"
}
func (u *UserRepository) getModel() models.Model {
return &models.User{}
}
package repositories
import (
riak "github.com/basho/riak-go-client"
models "github.com/basho/taste-of-riak/go/ch03/models"
)
type MsgRepository struct {
repositoryImpl
}
func NewMsgRepository(c *riak.Client) *MsgRepository {
m := &MsgRepository{}
m.client = c
return m
}
func (m *MsgRepository) Get(key string, notFoundOk bool) (models.Model, error) {
return get(m, key, notFoundOk)
}
func (m *MsgRepository) Save(model models.Model) (models.Model, error) {
return save(m, model)
}
func (m *MsgRepository) getBucketName() string {
return "Msgs"
}
func (m *MsgRepository) getModel() models.Model {
return &models.Msg{}
}
package repositories
import (
riak "github.com/basho/riak-go-client"
models "github.com/basho/taste-of-riak/go/ch03/models"
)
type TimelineRepository struct {
repositoryImpl
}
func NewTimelineRepository(c *riak.Client) *TimelineRepository {
t := &TimelineRepository{}
t.client = c
return t
}
func (t *TimelineRepository) Get(key string, notFoundOk bool) (models.Model, error) {
return get(t, key, notFoundOk)
}
func (t *TimelineRepository) Save(m models.Model) (models.Model, error) {
return save(t, m)
}
func (t *TimelineRepository) getBucketName() string {
return "Timelines"
}
func (t *TimelineRepository) getModel() models.Model {
return &models.Timeline{}
}
Finally, let’s test them:
package main
import (
"time"
mgrs "github.com/basho/taste-of-riak/go/ch03/managers"
models "github.com/basho/taste-of-riak/go/ch03/models"
repos "github.com/basho/taste-of-riak/go/ch03/repositories"
riak "github.com/basho/riak-go-client"
util "github.com/basho/taste-of-riak/go/util"
)
func main() {
var err error
// un-comment-out to enable debug logging
// riak.EnableDebugLogging = true
util.Log.Println("Starting Client")
o := &riak.NewClientOptions{
RemoteAddresses: util.GetRiakAddresses(),
}
var client *riak.Client
client, err = riak.NewClient(o)
if err != nil {
util.ErrExit(err)
}
defer func() {
if err := client.Stop(); err != nil {
util.ErrExit(err)
}
}()
userRepo := repos.NewUserRepository(client)
msgRepo := repos.NewMsgRepository(client)
timelineRepo := repos.NewTimelineRepository(client)
timelineMgr := mgrs.NewTimelineManager(timelineRepo, msgRepo)
util.Log.Println("Creating and saving users")
marleen := models.NewUser("marleenmgr", "Marleen Manager", "marleen.manager@basho.com")
joe := models.NewUser("joeuser", "Joe User", "joe.user@basho.com")
var m models.Model
m, err = userRepo.Save(marleen)
if err != nil {
util.ErrExit(err)
}
marleen = m.(*models.User)
m, err = userRepo.Save(joe)
if err != nil {
util.ErrExit(err)
}
joe = m.(*models.User)
util.Log.Println("Posting message")
msg := models.NewMsg(marleen.UserName, joe.UserName, "Welcome to the company!")
if terr := timelineMgr.PostMsg(msg); terr != nil {
util.ErrExit(terr)
}
util.Log.Println("Getting Joe's inbox for today")
// Get Joe's inbox for today, get first message
now := time.Now()
joe_tl, terr := timelineMgr.GetTimeline(joe.UserName, models.TimelineType_INBOX, now)
if terr != nil {
util.ErrExit(terr)
}
for _, msgKey := range joe_tl.MsgKeys {
m, merr := msgRepo.Get(msgKey, false)
if merr != nil {
util.ErrExit(merr)
}
tl_msg := m.(*models.Msg)
util.Log.Println("From: ", tl_msg.Sender)
util.Log.Println("Msg: ", tl_msg.Text)
}
}
As you can see, the repository pattern helps us with a few things:
- It helps us to see if an object exists before creating a new one.
- It keeps our buckets and key names consistent.
- It provides us with a consistent interface to work with.
While this set of repositories solves many of our problems, it is very minimal and doesn’t cover all the edge cases. For instance, what happens if two different people try to create a user with the same username?
Also, we can easily compute key names now, but how do we quickly look up the last 10 messages a user sent? Many of these answers will be application-dependent. If your application shows the last 10 messages in reverse order, for example, you may want to store that set of data in another collection object to make lookup faster. There are drawbacks to every solution, but we recommend seeking out the key/value-based solution first, as it will likely be the quickest.
So to recap, in this chapter we learned:
- How to choose bucket names.
- How to choose natural keys based on how we want to partition our data.